Each Year, Three Thousand To Five Thousand People Are Diagnosed With D

"Each year, three thousand to five thousand people are diagnosed with Down Syndrome in the United States. It is found in approximately one out of one thousand all live births." (Nadel,37). Down Syndrome occurs when there is an abnormality in chromosome 21. Most people with Down Syndrome (approximately ninety-five percent) has an extra 21 chromosome. Instead of the normal number of forty-six chromosomes in each cell, the individual with Down Syndrome has forty-seven chromosomes. "This condition is called trisomy 21."(Pueschel,6) .Down Syndrome is a combination of birth defects including some degree of physical abnormalities, musculoskeletal disorders, and hypothyroidism. Granted, individuals with Down Syndrome have distinct physical characteristics. Generally they are more similar to the average person in the community than they are different. The physical features are important to the physician in making the clinical diagnosis. Not every child with Down Syndrome has all the characteristics; some may only have a few, and others may show most of the signs of Down Syndrome. Some of the physical features in children with Down Syndrome include flattening of the back of the head, slanting of the eyelids, small skin folds at the inner corner of the eyes, depressed nasal bridge, slightly smaller ears, small mouth, decreased muscle tone, loose ligaments, and small hands and feet. "About fifty percent of all children have one line across the palm, and there is often a gap between the first and second toes" (Pueschel,240). The physical features observed in children with Down Syndrome usually do not cause any disability in the child. Moreover, there are many health problems associated with Down Syndrome. "Sixty to eighty percent of children with Down Syndrome have hearing deficits." (Pueschel,235). If there is a significant hearing loss, the child should be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist. "Forty to forty-five percent of children with Down Syndrome have congenital heart disease" (Marino,63). Many of these children will have to undergo cardiac surgery. Intestinal abnormalities also occur at a higher frequency in children with Down Syndrome. For example, blockages of the esophagus, small bowel, and at the anus are not uncommon in infants with Down Syndrome. These may need to be surgically corrected at once in order to have a normal functioning intestinal tract. Children with Down Syndrome often have more eye problems than other children who do not have this chromosome disorder. For example, "three percent of infants with Down Syndrome have cataracts."(Pueschel,49) They need to be removed surgically. Other eye problems such as cross-eye, near-sightedness, far-sightedness and other eye conditions are frequently observed in children with Down Syndrome. Another concern relates to nutritional aspects. Some children with Down Syndrome, in particular those with severe heart disease often fail to thrive in infancy. On the other hand, obesity is often noted during adolescence and early adulthood. Maintaining an appropriate diet can prevent these conditions. It is important for individuals with Down Syndrome who skeletal problems have also been noted to be more common in children with Down Syndrome to get special help, including patients with kneecap subluxation, hip dislocation, and atlantoaxial instability. The latter condition occurs when the first two neck bones are not well aligned because of the presence of loose ligaments. Most of these people, however, do not have any symptoms, and "only one to two percent of patients with Down Syndrome have a serious neck problem that requires surgery"(Pueschel,217). Furthermore, The thyroid gland sits at the base of the front of the neck and makes thyroid hormone from iodide, thyroglobulin and tyrosine. This results in the production of thyroxine (T4), which is a prohormone and the actual thyroid hormone, T3. Both T3 and T4 are secreted by the thyroid into the blood stream. Hypothyroidism is the most common problem for individuals with Down Syndrome. Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid cannot produce enough thyroid hormone. This can be present at birth (congenital) or may be acquired at any age. Every state in the US does a routine screen on all newborns for hypothyroidism. "In newborns and infants with Down Syndrome, the most common reason for hypothyroidism is that the thyroid did not form correctly in the fetus" (Pueschel, 220). In acquired hypothyroidism, the most common reasons in toddlers and older children with Down Syndrome is autoimmunity (where the body makes antibodies against its own thyroid) and thyroidits (where the thyroid tissue becomes replaced with white blood cells and fibrous tissue). The symptoms of low thyroid hormone are difficult to pick up, especially in infants. They include decreased growth, and development, an enlarged tongue, decreased muscle tone, dry skin and constipation, all

Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings

â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t... Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t...

The Application of Relevant Study Framework Research Paper

The Application of Relevant Study Framework - Research Paper Example In view of illnesses reflected theory of biological concern, terminologies aiding this are fully reimbursed by developing notable health models. The changing trend explored by passiveness in health development encompasses knowledge changes, especially in reversing various trends reflecting psychological health. The technique itself encompasses relevant understanding of individual wellbeing and evidently it also involves aiding growth, development and various treatment processes. In virtue of changing ill health challenges, possible inclusion of beliefs and various strategies offer notable compliance understanding of various mainstream features. According to different researchers medical recommendations are implemented by noting the existing perceptions and what future health trends would encompass. The definition of responsibility illustrate that medical changes are applied fully in order to accomplish the required medical requirements. For example, there is an observable definition of various health models that have helped to maintain express health-related levels. This, hence, has implied that healthiness is achieved by uncovering various illnesses and hence defining the core mainstream compositions. Hence by understanding what health entails at various points, the mindset is developed and recreated in order to help create stages relative to defining the core concepts aiding health perceptions. 1.1 The Study Objectives The psychological approach provides a comprehensive feedback required in the following mainstream objectives. i. Understanding, developing and implementing notable health theories relevant to etiology of illness. ii. Carrying out practical experience in attaining the psychological health and also understanding relevant behavioral characteristics of illness. Gili et al. (2011) explain that the role of psychological health process is to provide notable steps required to achieve better health standards. For example, the analytical framework of psy chological health pursues the following goals: The analytical procedure in psychology reflects what levels of health require absolute referencing in the following key areas: i. Projects that cover the aspects of health and their relevance. ii. The core health features including beliefs, behaviors and illnesses. iii. The experiences encountered at various cycles including terminologies and various inclusions aiding both behavioral changes and professional attainment of illness controls. iv. Psychological role in helping patients to recover. The study factor provides relevant steps required to complete possible behavior management. 1.2 Health Beliefs and Behaviors Various health considerations

Other Foundations' of Catholic Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Other Foundations' of Catholic Theology - Essay Example My Experience at the Celebration of a Catholic Liturgy In the Catholic Church, liturgy is understood as the official common prayers of the Church. Liturgy is meant to continue the priestly office of Jesus Christ (Pious XII, Mediator Dei). Understood in this sense, liturgy therefore is the official prayers of the Church that is meant to unite the believers, through Jesus Christ, to God, the creator. In the Catholic Church, there are many forms of prayers that are considered as Liturgy. One of the most common and important Liturgy in the Catholic Church is the celebration of the Eucharist. In this paper, I am going to describe my experiences at the celebration of Eucharist. In the description of my experiences at the celebration of Eucharist, I have focused on my experiences of the participant’s interaction, how I experienced the presence of Jesus Christ in the liturgical actions, how I experienced Liturgy as a teaching action, and how my experiences drew me closer to the commun ity with whom I celebrated the Eucharist. On the interaction among the participants of the Eucharistic celebration liturgy, I experienced that there was a close interaction among all the participants of the liturgical celebration. ... Among them, there are choir members who lead the congregation in hymns. Also, there are those who read/proclaim the word, but the Gospel is proclaimed by the priest. But although, there are different roles played by the members of the congregation in the celebration of the Eucharist, the liturgical celebration, however, runs harmoniously and all the members participate keenly in each and every aspect of the celebration of the liturgy; while the priest leads in the celebration of the liturgy, the other members of the congregation participate in the mass keenly and lively and they make some responses where necessarily. In summary, all the participants in the Eucharistic liturgy relate closely and harmoniously in the celebration of the Eucharistic liturgy. In the celebration of the Eucharist, I experienced the presence of Jesus Christ in various ways. First, in the rite of the priest blessing the congregation with the holy water at the beginning of the Eucharistic celebration made me ex perience a lot of joy and inner peace as the mass started. Secondly, during the proclamation of the word, I felt deeply touched by the word of God. The word of God challenged me, inspired me and encouraged me to be more committed in my Christian life. Also, the preaching of the priest made me experience the presence of Jesus Christ more and more. The preaching of the priest made me understand the content of the word of God more. Then, the Consecration of the bread and wine into body and blood and Jesus Christ made me experience the presence of Jesus Christ more deeply. Again, the receiving of the Holy Eucharist made me to experience the presence of Jesus Christ more deeply. Apart from the prayers in the Eucharist that made me to experience the presence

Public Safety Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Public Safety Debate - Essay Example In the novel, The Prince, Machiavelli implies that the state holds all authority. This Machiavellian perspective explicitly argues that all morality, power and natural law should be controlled by the rulers of the state, in the interests of national security and the continuance of the rulers’ power. In the essay, â€Å"On Liberty† John Stuart Mill suggests that â€Å"The only purpose for which power can rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will is to prevent harm to others† (John Stuart Mill in Hart, 1963:4-5). Could the purpose of law be as simply stated as: a set of rules to protect society and the individuals within it, and always the safety of the society is more important than that of the individual? In the world’s largest democracy, where human rights principles are constitutionally entrenched, the prioritization of the community over the individual can undoubtedly be seriously questioned. Whether there is moral justification for a law or a security-related need for a law, there has to be widespread agreement within a community or society which recognizes that law (Hart, 1994: 258). Individuals within a society must recognize, acknowledge the validity of, and agree to abide by a law. In the debate over whether public safety is more important than civil rights in the United States of America (US), such questions about the nature of the law, the validity of laws, and the need for community security of the population must be addressed. In at least four instances, forming the basis of the thesis of this paper, the conflict between civil rights and laws enacted to promote national security is notable. In the light of democratic principles, is it justifiable to remove one person’s rights for the presumed greater good? At any given time, certain acts may be seen as immoral, or threatening to the greater good.

Economic Factors Building

Economic Factors Building Economic and legislative factors influence the design team and contractor throughout the building project from inception to completion In this assignment, I am going to highlight the various factors which influence the building project from inception to completion in India. If we consider place as one of the factor for construction economics, it will be fix as India as a country. in this assignment I am going to briefly describe a PEST analysis and its influence on the project. Introduction: Lets see what is Economics? Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.(Wikipedia) The science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses(Lionel Robbins,1932). PEST analysis is one of the best tools describing economic factors. PEST analysis consist of following major factors which strongly influence on the building projects from inception to completion. PEST factors are as follows- Political Factors Economic Factors Social Factors Technological Factors Some of the other factors which has also strong influence on the building project economy can be as follows Buyer Power Supplier power Michael Porters five force factors Stock Market performance Industry outlook Apart from the above factors we need to understand what is project and what are the stages of project Project: Project is the definition of planning, organising and managing resource to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives(Wikipedia) Following are the main stages in the construction projects: 1)Conceptualization 2)Pre Construction 3)Construction and execution 4)Post construction and handover to the client. Indian Construction Industry Scenario: The Indian construction industry recorded a consistent double digit year on year growth of 12% during 2001-05 and is expected to grow at 25%-30 % during 2005-10.the key drivers of this growth are government investment in infrastructure creation and real estate demand in the residential and industrial sectors. The Indian construction industry has been enjoying a strong growth with the infrastructure and the commercial sectors are the forefront of this. India expects its economy to grow by 8.7% in the financial ending March. Growth remains strong in the countrys services, construction and communications sectors. Indias economy expanded by 9.6% in the year ended march 2007.despite the forecast of slower growth, India is still the worlds fastest growing economy after China. India has become a center for US and Uk firms that want to outsource services. European and US firms have flocked to India in recent years attracted by its huge domestic market and well educated and productive workforce. The telecom and property sectors have seen the most substantial foreign interest. Buoyant foreign investment levels have boosted stock markets and contributed to consistently strong economic growth in recent years. India has recorded the highest construction spending growth 2005, driven by infrastructure and real estate sectors. The introduction of REITS(Real estate Investment Trusts)by mobilizing capital markets will further accelerate real estate growth. Technological developments like ready-mix concrete, 3-D Modeling and mobile computing are gradually being adopted. Construction activity is the integral part of the countys infrastructure and industrial developments. It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, houses and other buildings. The construction sector has major linkages with the building material industry since construction material accounts for sizeable share of the construction costs. These include cement steel, bricks/tiles, sand/aggregates, fixtures/fittings, paints and chemicals, construction equipment, petrol products, timbers, mineral products, aluminum, glass and plastics. The construction sector is one of the largest employers in the country. It employed a7.62 million workers in 2000-05.The sector has recorded highest growth in generation of jobs in last two decades, doubling its share in total employment. The share of construction sector in gross domestic product(GDP)which was 5.4 %in 1990-91,came down to 4.4% in 1999-00.Subsequently it picked up and stood at 5.1%in 2000-05.clearly there has been a decline in the share of construction sector in the GDP. The main reason for this is reduced government spending on physical infrastructure in last decade due to fiscal constraints. though their has now been an increasing emphasis on involving the private sector in infrastructure development through public private partnerships and mechanism as build own operate(BOT),private sector investment has not reached the expected levels. Political factors include following issues: Ecological/ Environmental issues Current legislation Home market Regulatory bodies and processes Government policies. Ecological/environmental issues: Environmental impacts must be considered at several junctures in the planning and design of a building project. First environmental issues play an important role in the site selection. Once the site is selected and design commences, plant and site design must incorporate environmental controls that will minimize the impacts to the human and natural environment during construction and operation. The environmental issues associated with building construction are, the site features, neighboring land uses and ecological conditions, specific facility components and design and level of community interest are all factors determining the nature and extent of environmental impact review. The issue can range from minor considerations of land disturbance to more significant environmental impacts caused by truck traffic or major alterations to sensitive ecological areas. Current legislation home markets: Recent past earthquakes (Uttarkashi 1991,Latur 1993 and Bhuj 2001) have clearly exposed the vulnerability of building. So Ministry of Home affairs, Government Of India constituted the Techno legal regime in country which follows earthquake resistant features specified in Indian standards and Building Codes. Following are some of the central legislation/ guidelines: Model Town and Country planning Act Vulnerability Atlas of India 1997 National Building Code State levels legislation Indian standard codes Regulatory Bodies and processes: As a designer of the building one has to consider the regulatory norms of national building code and local municipal authority norms for the total buildup area. A building code is a document containing standardized requirement for the design and construction of most types of building. Codes regulate building construction and building use in order to protect the health, safety and welfare of the occupant. Code express all aspects of construction including structural integrity, fire resistance, safe exits, lighting, electrical, energy conservation, plumbing, correct use of construction materials. Government Policies: As in any democracy, policy decisions are often taken in India on purely political grounds, some of the policy change example which affects the building project are Ceiling over agriculture land Special economic zone act 100% investment of foreign money in SEZ Cement priced reduced for state infrastructure projects. Special Economic zone policy was announced in April 2000.this policy intended to make SEZ an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at centre and at state level with minimum possible regulations. Economic Factors: Home economy situation General taxation issues Market and trade cycles Interest rates Exchange rates Stock Market Home economy situation: India is projecting a 8.7% growth in current fiscal year. The government has set a target of 9%GDP during 11th five year plan(2007-12).This represents the declaration from the unexpectedly high growth of 9.4% and 9.6% respectively in the previous year. India is not bad as most developed nations economies are going down marginally. So from Building project point of view Indias economy is good. General taxation rules: In recent year India has imposed 12% VAT on most of the construction material. But has lifted the local octrio systems of the municipalities. In Special Economic zones Government exempted companies operating in these zones from sales tax. So these are important factor building construction to calculate the projected cash flows. Exchange Rates: With demand for foreign exchange not keeping pace with the supply of foreign exchange, the rupee appreciated by 8.9% against the US dollar during current fiscal years 2007+08.The rupee appreciation against the US dollar over past 12 months on year basis at a3.2% was even higher. Rupee appreciation is also one of the major factor in building project from material and sell point of view. Stock Markets: Stock markets are an important instrument of financial intermediation. They saw from increased activity in 2007-08. primary market issue of debt and equity increased along with private placement. the secondary market too show rising trend. The Bombay stock exchange(BSE) sensex rose from 13072 at end March 2007 to 18048 as on February 2008 while the national Stock exchange(NSE)index Nifty 50 rose 3822 to 5277 during the same period. It shows the share prices are increasing and companies have good time to collect money from the market through IPO to grab new project or investment in new projects. Interest rates: This is one of the main economic factor from building construction project point of view. One has to calculate the ratio of investment in the project to return generated from the projects. It is essential to decide whether project is economical viable or not. Otherwise it is better to put money in bank and get interest on it if rate are high than return rate.

Sparta :: essays research papers

It's hard for textbooks to say anything nice about the Spartans. one may find that the Spartans described as "an armed camp," "brutal," "culturally stagnant," "economically stagnant," "politically stagnant," and other fun things. The reality, of course, lies somewhere behind the value judgements. In 725, the oligarchy of Sparta needed land to feed a dramatically growing population, so the Spartans went over the Taygetus mountains and took over Messenia, where a fertile plain was enough to support themselves and their newly conquered people. However, like all conquered people, the Messenians fought back in 640 BCE and almost destroyed Sparta itself. Almost defeated, the Spartans invented a new political system as dramatically revolutionary by turning their state into a military state. The Messenians were turned into agricultural slaves called helots, "serfs", where they worked small plots of land on estates owned by Spartans. There's no question that the life of the helots was a miserable life. Labor was long and hard and the helots always lived right on the border of subsistence. But Spartan society itself changed, evolving into a city-state. The state determined whether children, both male and female, were strong when they were born, leaving the weak in the hills to perish. At the age of seven, every male Spartan was sent to military and athletic school teaching discipline, endurance of pain, and survival skills. At twenty, the Spartan became a soldier spending his life with his fellow soldiers to live in barracks with his fellow soldiers. Only at the age of thirty, did the Spartan become an "equal," and was allowed to live in his own house with his own family, although he continued to serve in the military. Military service ended at the age of sixty. The life of a Spartan male was a life of discipline, self-denial, and simplicity as the Spartans viewed themselves as the true inheritors of the Greek tradition. This key to understanding the Spartans. The ideology of Sparta was oriented around the state as the individual lived (and died) for the state. Their lives were designed to serve the state from their beginning to the age of sixty. The combination of this ideology, the education of Spartan males, and the disciplined maintenance of a standing army gave the Spartans the stability that had been threatened so dramatically in the Messenean revolt. Paradoxically, this soldier-centered state was the most liberal state in regards to the status of women.